1. End use for this application has been defined as the use of the mineral or material commodity in a particular industrial sector (for example, construction, containers and packaging, electronics, and transportation) or product (for example, automobiles, batteries, flame retardants, and soaps and detergents).
2. In helium-induced EPC, the use of selective inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and 70-kDa ribosomal protein s6 kinase abolished cardioprotection.18Blockade of glycogen synthase kinase or the apoptotic protein p53 lowers the threshold of helium EPC, as the combination of only one cycle of helium.
3. The largest use of helium is in cryogenics, where the element’s extremely low boiling point and low density make it a valuable tool forwell, freezing stuff (and people). Helium is used as a protective gas when growing silicon crystals for semiconductor applications.

• Use Of Helium In Everyday Life
• Use Of Helium Gas
• Use Of Helium

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Use Of Helium In Everyday Life

Helium has many uses, from cooling MRI machines to finding leaks in ships, but there are many different grades of helium. Which is which? We break it down.

Helium is a little more complex than most people think—it’s not just for party balloons. Helium is needed for welding, microscopes, airbags, ship inspection, computers, TVs, smart phones, MRIs, blimps, space exploration, diving, meterology, scientific research, the Internet… the list goes on and on.

The point is, different grades of helium are needed for many of these different applications and industries. Without getting too nerdy about it, let’s break down some of the most common grades of helium.

How we measure grades of helium

Before we get into the different grades of helium, let’s talk about the grading system itself, which is really quite simple. The easiest way to remember what the purity of any grade of helium is, is to simply look at the grade itself.

The first number in the grade (before the decimal point) is always equal to the number of 9’s in the purity. For example, 6.0 helium = six 9s, or 99.9999%.

The second number (after the decimal point) represents the number after the last 9. So, 4.7 grade helium = four 9s and a 7, or 99.997%.

An overview of the different common grades of helium

Now that we have the grading down, let’s look into the different grades of helium and what they’re primarily used for.

Note that within each of the different grades of helium, there can be even further variations within each grade, depending on your helium supplier and your specific need. Each variation will always contain the same grade purity, but it’s the impurities, things like argon, carbon dioxide, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, and even water, that will have a different composition.

Grade 6 (6.0 helium = 99.9999% purity)
The closest to 100% pure helium, 6.0 helium is used in the manufacturing of semiconductor chips – the tiny wafers that pack the power behind your smart phones, computers, tablets, televisions, and more. It’s also used in laboratories for scientific research, laser cutting, MRI machines, and as a carrier gas in gas chromatography.

Grade 5.5 (5.5 helium = (99.9995% purity)
Like 6.0 helium, 5.5 ultra pure helium gas is typically considered “research grade,” also used in chromatography and semiconductor processing, as well as lab research, MRIs, as a shielding gas in welding, a cooling gas for fiber optics, and other industries that require a fine purity helium gas.

Grade 5 (5.0 helium = 99.999% purity)
This high purity grade helium is also widely used for gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and specific laboratory research when higher purity gases are not necessary, as well as for weather balloons and blimps.

Grade 4.8 (4.8 helium = 99.998% purity)
The highest of the “industrial grade” heliums, 4.8 grade helium is often used by the military. The rest is classified. 😉

Grade 4.7 (4.7 helium = 99.997% purity)
A “Grade-A” industrial helium, 99.997% helium is mostly used in cryogenic applications and for pressurizing and purging, but is also used as a control atmosphere in manufacturing, as a cover gas during welding, in breathing mixtures for divers, and leak detection.

Grade 4.6 (4.6 helium = 99.996% purity)
Grade 4.6 industrial helium is used for weather balloons, blimps, in leak detection, as a shielding gas for welding, a coolant in rockets and medical applications, and as a carrier gas in the analysis of residues.

Grade 4.5 (4.5 helium = 99.995% purity)
Often the grade most commonly referred to when people say “industrial grade,” 99.995% helium is most commonly used in the balloon industry, but is also used as a push gas in MRI applications.

Grade 4 (4.0 helium and lower = 99.99% purity)
Any helium that is 99.99% and down into the high 80 percents is within the range of purities referred to collectively as “balloon grade helium.” While Grade 4 helium is used mostly for balloons (although the mid-high 90 percent heliums could be used in leak detection, air bags, and heat transfer applications as well), that doesn’t necessarily mean that higher grades of helium aren’t used in balloons. In fact, in many cases, it may be Grade 5 helium.

Why lower grades of helium can cost more than higher grades

The majority of helium that is supplied to helium customers is actually Grade 5 helium, which is often a higher grade than is needed, particularly in the balloon industry. Despite what you may be thinking, it’s not so that helium producers can make a bigger profit. In fact, it can cost substantially more to produce a lower grade helium.

How could that be?

Phil Kornbluth’s article in this month’s CryoGas International titled, “Increased Availability of Balloon Grade Helium” does an excellent job in explaining the finer details behind the reasoning for this, but the short of it is that essentially comes down to the efficiency of mass transportation.

The majority of the world’s helium needs to be transported as a compressed, bulk liquid. That’s simply because you could only move a fraction of helium in an expanded gas state compared to a compressed liquid. (Think of recycled aluminum cans, for example. You can fit exponentially more cans in the recycling bag if you crush them down first as opposed to just tossing them in intact.)

Liquid helium is inherently extremely pure — far more pure than even Grade 5 helium actually, and liquid is the most efficient way to move product. Therefore, for helium suppliers to purposely offer a lower grade helium, they would actually have to add new operational methods and separate processes and transport specifically geared for the lower purities. All of this adds big costs of course, so most distributors simply stick to the industry standard transport of Grade 5. That is why for and end user of helium, a lower grade can cost more than the higher grades.

Sources: CryoGas International

Like most blockchains, Helium has a system of transaction fees. All transactionsin the Helium blockchain are paid in Data Credits (DCs). Data Credits areproduced via burning some amount of HNT using an on-chain transaction. Andthanks to a system called 'Implicit Burn', users (typically) don't need tomanually supply DCs to pay fees. As long as the Helium wallet being used tosubmit the transaction contains enough HNT to burn to DCs to fund thetransaction, the burn will happen implicitly, requiring no user intervention.

Transaction Fee Schedule

The following is a list of the current set of fees required for varioustransactions, along with their details. Transaction fees are paid in DataCredits. (Note that the cost is not shown in HNT as this number is variablebased on the current $USD/HNT price as defined by the HNT Price Oracle.)

Fee Type	Fee Description	Cost (DC)	Cost ($USD)
Send HNT	Transferring HNT from wallet to wallet	Variable	Variable
Transferring Device Packet Data	Fee paid by device owner when sending or receiving sensor data. Metered per 24 bytes.	1	$.00001
Add Miner	Fee paid to add Miner to the blockchain. (Only applies to non-Helium Hotspots.)	4000000	$40
Assert Miner Location	Required when asserting a Gateway's location. (The first two assertions for Helium Hotspots are paid by Helium, Inc. )	1000000	$10
Purchasing a blockchain OUI	Buy an OUI from the Helium blockchain	10000000	$100
Purchasing a blockchain Subnet	Buy a Subnet from the Helium blockchain	10000000	$100

Calculating the DC cost for Sending HNT

As noted above, the DC cost of a Send transaction is variable. The precisecost is based on the size of the transaction, in bytes. Once the size iscalculated, we apply a 5000x multiplier. For a typical send transaction, whereone wallet is sending to one wallet(like this one here),the complete transaction is made up of the following:

Transaction Component	Component Size (Bytes)
Payer Wallet Key	33
Payee Wallet Key	33
Payer Signature	64
Nonce	3 (approximate; ranges from 2-4)
Payment Amount	6 (approximate; ranges from 4-8)

• In total, this is 139 bytes.
• Each 24 bytes requires one Data Credit (as is the case when you'retransferring device packet data).
• 139 / 24 results in 6 Data Credits.
• We then apply our 5000x multiplier, and the result is a transaction fee
• This results in a 30000 Data Credit cost for the above transaction.

Transaction Fees and Implicit Burn

The Helium blockchain uses something called implicit burn when paying fees.

Implicit Burn™

The term implicit burn was coined by Helium PM Coco 'cokes' Tang, a recognizedinnovator in the blockchain technology and terminology space.

Thanks to Implicit Burn™, if you have enough HNT in your wallet to pay thetransaction fee, the Helium Mobile Wallet (or the Helium Wallet CLI) willcalculate the DC cost of your transaction and the blockchain will automaticallyburn the precise amount of HNT to supply the required DCs for the transaction.For example:

Use Of Helium Gas

• You need to send 10 HNT from a Helium Wallet that contains 11 HNT
• The cost for this send transaction is 35000 DCs
• Let's assume the HNT/$USD Oracle Price is $.35 at the time you send theHNT. This means that you'll need to supply a 1HNT to fund the 35000 DCsfor this transaction.
• When you send the 10 HNT, the Helium Wallet automatically supplies the1 HNT to be burned into DCs.
• After the transaction is submitted and processed, your resulting Helium Walletbalance will be 0 HNT.

In the above example, had you attempted to send 10.0001HNT with only. 11 HNTin your wallet, this transaction would have failed as burning .999 HNT wouldonly result in 34965 DCs, a mere 35 DCs short of the 35000 required for asend transaction.

Failed Transactions Result in No DCs Being Spent

Use Of Helium

Transactions in the Helium blockchain are atomic. In short, this means thatthey either succeed entirely or they don't. So, if you attempt to send HNT froma Helium Wallet without enough HNT to supply the required Data Credits, thetransaction will fail after being submitted to the blockchain API by yourwallet. And your HNT balance will be the same. No DCs were burned (orharmed) in this failed transaction.